👉 Perturbation in mathematics refers to a change or modification that occurs in an object due to external forces. This can be caused by changes in the material properties of the object, such as temperature, pressure, or strain; it can also be caused by internal processes, such as chemical reactions or vibrations. Perturbations are often described and studied using mathematical models, such as partial differential equations or control theory, which analyze how perturbations affect the behavior of a system.