👉 In mathematics, an orthogonality relationship is a mathematical concept that describes how two vectors can be orthogonal to each other. This means they are perpendicular or at right angles to each other in space. An orthogonality relationship between two vectors (u and v) states that their dot product (u . v) equals zero: \[ u \cdot v = 0 \] where \( u \) and \( v \) are the vectors. The term "orthogonal" refers to