👉 Causal diagrams are graphical representations of the causal relationships between variables. They help to visualize and understand how changes in one variable can lead to changes in another, or vice versa. Causal diagrams can be used to model complex systems, such as medical diagnoses, social networks, or economic structures, by showing the path that these variables follow through time. One example of a causal diagram is the causal relationship between two diseases: smoking and lung cancer. The diagram shows how smoking increases the risk of developing lung