👉 The concept of "invalid engineering" typically refers to engineering practices or solutions that are fundamentally flawed, based on incorrect assumptions, or do not adhere to established principles of engineering science and practice. For example, designing a bridge solely on the basis of aesthetic appeal without considering load-bearing capacity or material strength would be considered invalid engineering. Such approaches ignore the rigorous testing, analysis, and safety standards that ensure structures are reliable, safe, and functional. Invalid engineering can lead to catastrophic failures, financial losses, and loss of life, making it crucial for engineers to adhere strictly to scientific methodologies, safety regulations, and established engineering codes.