👉 Biodiversity math encompasses the quantitative analysis of species richness, evenness, and diversity across ecosystems, using metrics like species richness (S), which counts the number of distinct species, and Shannon diversity index (H), which combines richness and evenness to reflect community complexity. These metrics are often normalized or aggregated across spatial scales, with spatial autocorrelation accounting for non-random distribution patterns. Mathematical models, such as species distribution models (SDMs) and community assembly theory, integrate environmental variables to predict biodiversity trends, while phylogenetic diversity metrics quantify evolutionary history. These approaches reveal how biodiversity changes with environmental gradients, human impact, or conservation efforts, enabling data-driven strategies for ecosystem management and sustainability.