Definition: Counterfactually, which is a term coined by the American author and philosopher George Santayana in his book "The Principles of Political Economy", refers to a situation where an argument or statement is presented as if it were untrue or false. It typically involves presenting a seemingly plausible explanation for why something might not be true. In this context, a counterfactually justified argument would mean that the argument presented is based on a premise that cannot be proven true, and therefore, the conclusion drawn from that
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what should be said.