👉 Scopes are a fundamental concept in software engineering and programming. They refer to the set of all possible actions or operations that can be performed on an object at any given point in time, based on certain conditions or restrictions. In other words, a scope is a region within a program where one or more functions, classes, instances, or variables are defined. The scope of a function or variable is determined by the context in which it is used, and it can be accessed from anywhere within that context