👉 A phonon is a fundamental particle that is not massless, i.e., it does not have the property of moving in all directions. Phonons are particles with characteristic frequencies and wavelengths that can exist at any temperature. They play an important role in many physical phenomena such as sound waves, heat transfer, and vibrations. Phonons are characterized by their low-energy states, which correspond to phonon modes. These modes have a specific frequency associated with them, and they propagate through matter according to