👉 VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, uses mathematical principles to convert analog voice signals into digital data packets for transmission over the internet. The process involves sampling the voice signal at regular intervals to capture its amplitude, then quantizing these samples into discrete digital values to represent the voice's frequency and intensity. These digital values are encoded using algorithms like Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) or more advanced techniques such as Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) to minimize data usage while preserving quality. At the receiving end, the process reverses: the digital packets are decoded, and the quantized values are converted back into analog signals through reconstruction algorithms like Inverse PCM or more sophisticated methods like Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Error correction codes, often based on Reed-Solomon or Forward Error Correction (FEC), are also employed to ensure data integrity during transmission, making VoIP robust against network issues.
