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Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with energy and its transformations, focusing particularly on heat transfer and its relationship to work and internal energy. It is governed by four fundamental laws: the Zeroth Law establishes thermal equilibrium; the First Law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only change forms; the Second Law introduces the concept of entropy, indicating that in any energy transfer or transformation, some energy is always lost as heat, making processes irreversible; and the Third Law states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant minimum. These principles help predict and explain how systems interact with their surroundings, enabling the design of engines, refrigerators, and other energy-efficient technologies.
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