👉 Survival math is a set of principles and techniques used to estimate the probability of an organism's survival in a given environment, accounting for factors like birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. It helps ecologists and conservationists understand how populations might persist over time, considering both natural and human-induced pressures. Key concepts include the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), carrying capacity (K), and the exponential growth model, which predicts rapid population growth when resources are abundant but slows as the population approaches K. Survival math also incorporates models like the Lotka-Volterra equations for predator-prey dynamics and the Allee effect, which describes how small populations face higher extinction risks due to reduced mating success or cooperative behaviors. These tools are crucial for managing endangered species and ecosystems.