👉 Semiconductor physics and math revolve around understanding how electrons behave in materials with intermediate electrical conductivity, typically between metals and insulators. Key concepts include the band theory, where electrons occupy energy bands (valence and conduction) separated by a forbidden gap. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function describes electron occupancy probabilities, while the drift-electric current model explains how charge carriers (electrons and holes) move under an electric field. Transistors, fundamental semiconductor devices, use this framework to amplify or switch signals via controlled current flow, leveraging doping (adding impurities) to create p-n junctions that form the basis of diodes and transistors.
