👉 Panel math, also known as panel equations or panel data analysis, is a statistical method used to analyze datasets that combine cross-sectional (individual units at a single point in time) and time-series (observations over multiple periods) data. It involves fitting mathematical models to these datasets, typically using techniques like ordinary least squares (OLS) or generalized method of moments (GMM), to estimate relationships between variables while accounting for both within-unit and between-period variations. Panel data models can include fixed effects, random effects, or first-differenced specifications to control for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity. By leveraging the additional information from multiple time points, panel math provides more efficient and consistent estimates compared to traditional cross-sectional or time-series analyses, enabling researchers to better understand dynamic relationships and causal effects.
