👉 Monads are a fundamental concept in functional programming, where data types are treated as functions. They provide a way to abstract away the details of how data is stored and manipulated at runtime, making it easier for programs to work with complex data structures. In this context, a "monad" refers to an abstraction layer that encapsulates the internal workings of a Monad object, which can then be used to create new monads. Monads are often seen as a way to abstract away the complexities of