👉 Magnitude-light particles, or photons, are the fundamental quanta of light and other electromagnetic radiation. These particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, a duality that is central to quantum mechanics. Each photon carries a discrete amount of energy, proportional to its frequency, as described by Planck's equation \(E = h\nu\), where \(E\) is the energy, \(h\) is Planck's constant, and \(\nu\) is the frequency of the light. Photons are incredibly small, with masses less than that of an electron (\(\approx 9 \times 10^{-31}\) kg), yet they possess enough energy to cause significant effects, such as ejecting electrons from atoms (as in the photoelectric effect). This particle nature of light explains phenomena like the photoelectric effect and the discrete emission spectra of atoms. Despite their tiny mass, photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, approximately \(3 \times 10^8\) m/s, making them essential for understanding the behavior of light in various physical contexts, from optics to quantum computing.
