👉 Late mathematics refers to the period following the foundational developments of the 19th century, characterized by significant advancements and shifts in mathematical thought and practice. This era saw the rise of abstract algebra, topology, and functional analysis, as well as the formalization of set theory and the development of non-standard analysis. Mathematicians like David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, and John von Neumann pushed the boundaries of mathematical rigor and abstraction. The late 20th century also witnessed the integration of computational methods and computer science into mathematics, leading to new areas such as algorithmic complexity theory and numerical analysis. This period was marked by a move towards more theoretical and foundational questions, often at the expense of practical applications, reflecting a broader trend in mathematics towards pure and theoretical pursuits.
