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The Joel infection, also known as
Cryptococcus neoformans
infection, is a fungal disease caused by the yeast-like fungus
Cryptococcus neoformans
. This pathogen primarily infects the lungs but can also spread to other organs, including the brain, leading to severe and often fatal conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. The infection occurs when inhaled spores from contaminated environments, like soil, water, or animal feces, enter the body and are engulfed by immune cells in the lungs. However, the fungus can evade the immune system, leading to a chronic, granulomatous infection. In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, the infection can progress rapidly, causing significant tissue damage and systemic complications. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, but the disease remains challenging due to its ability to form biofilms and its resistance to certain drugs.