👉 Hardware engineering is the discipline that focuses on designing, developing, and manufacturing physical components and systems that form the backbone of electronic devices and technologies. It involves a multidisciplinary approach, integrating principles from materials science, physics, and electrical engineering to create efficient, reliable, and innovative hardware solutions. Key aspects include semiconductor fabrication (such as CMOS processes), circuit design, microprocessor architecture, power management systems, and the integration of mechanical components like sensors and actuators. Hardware engineers must also consider factors like thermal management, signal integrity, and manufacturability to ensure that the final products meet performance standards while being cost-effective and scalable for mass production.
