👉 Forces are fundamental interactions that cause objects to exert influences on each other, resulting in motion or changes in motion. Mathematically, forces are described through Newton's Second Law of Motion, which states that the force (\( \vec{F} \)) acting on an object is equal to the mass (\( m \)) of the object multiplied by its acceleration (\( \vec{a} \)), expressed as \( \vec{F} = m\vec{a} \). This relationship can be extended to systems of forces, where the net force acting on an object (the vector sum of all individual forces) determines its acceleration. Forces can be categorized into various types, such as gravitational (\( \vec{F}_g = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2} \)), electrostatic (\( \vec{F}_e = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2} \)), and frictional (\( \vec{F}_f = \mu_k \vec{N} \), where \( \mu_k \) is the coefficient of kinetic friction and \( \vec{N} \) is the normal force), each with distinct mathematical formulations that account for their unique physical properties and effects on motion.
