👉 Firmware I/O (Input/Output) refers to the hardware-level communication and control mechanisms that enable a device's firmware to interact directly with its physical components, such as sensors, actuators, and other peripherals. This involves managing data transfer, signal processing, and control signals between the microcontroller or processor and the external devices. Firmware I/O typically includes routines for initializing and configuring hardware interfaces, handling interrupts from sensors, and executing commands to control actuators, all optimized for efficiency and reliability in embedded systems.
