👉 Early engineering, often referred to as the Industrial Revolution's precursor, laid the foundational principles and practices that would later evolve into modern engineering disciplines. This period, roughly spanning from the late 18th to the mid-19th century, saw significant advancements in mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering. Innovations such as the steam engine by James Watt revolutionized transportation and manufacturing, while the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse transformed communication. Early engineers also made crucial contributions to materials science, developing stronger and more durable alloys for machinery and construction. These foundational achievements set the stage for the rapid technological progress that followed in the 20th century.