👉 The Dutch Fumes, also known as "Dutch Smog," refer to a persistent air pollution problem that has historically affected cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague in the Netherlands. This phenomenon is primarily caused by a combination of factors including industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and chemical reactions between sunlight and pollutants from these sources. During calm, sunny days, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicles and industries react to form ground-level ozone and particulate matter, creating a hazy, toxic air quality that can linger for days. The term "fumes" aptly describes the dense, smoggy conditions that can severely impact health, visibility, and the environment in these densely populated areas.
