👉 Closed engineering refers to the systematic and controlled process of designing, developing, and manufacturing a product or system from the ground up, without relying on existing solutions or blueprints from other sources. This approach involves in-depth knowledge and expertise in the specific technology, materials, and processes required, allowing engineers to innovate and optimize every aspect of the product. Closed engineering is often employed in industries where proprietary technology, unique materials, or specialized applications demand a tailored solution, ensuring that the final product meets specific performance criteria and integrates seamlessly with existing systems. Unlike open engineering, which leverages open-source information and collaborative development, closed engineering emphasizes control, precision, and the preservation of intellectual property.