👉 Charging mathematics is a critical aspect of understanding how electric vehicle (EV) chargers operate, particularly in the context of battery charging efficiency and energy management. At its core, charging involves converting electrical energy from a power source into chemical energy stored in the vehicle's battery. The process is governed by fundamental principles of physics, such as Ohm's Law and the laws of thermodynamics. The charging rate is typically expressed in terms of power (in watts) and time, with common standards like Level 1 (120V AC, ~7.4 kW), Level 2 (240V AC, ~240 W), and DC fast charging (480V+ DC, up to 350 kW or more). The efficiency of the charger is crucial, often calculated as the ratio of the energy delivered to the battery (useful energy) to the energy supplied by the power source, accounting for losses due to resistance and heat. Advanced charging algorithms also consider factors like battery state of charge (SOC), temperature, and charging speed to optimize charging time and battery health. For example, a DC fast charger might use a complex control system to adjust the current based on real-time data, ensuring safe and efficient charging while minimizing degradation of the battery over time. This intricate interplay of electrical, thermal, and chemical principles underpins the mathematical models used to design and optimize EV charging systems.