👉 Engineering appeared as a distinct and specialized field during the Industrial Revolution, marked by a shift from artisanal craftsmanship to systematic, scientific approaches to design and construction. This period saw engineers applying mathematical principles, physics, and materials science to solve complex problems, leading to innovations in machinery, infrastructure, and manufacturing. Unlike earlier practices that relied heavily on trial-and-error or traditional knowledge, 19th-century engineers emphasized empirical testing, precise measurements, and standardized methods, exemplified by figures like Isambard Kingdom Brunel and George Stephenson. This engineering revolution not only transformed industries such as transportation (railways, steamships) and construction but also laid the groundwork for modern technological advancement by prioritizing efficiency, scalability, and safety through rigorous scientific inquiry.
