👉 Fumes are airborne particles or vapors that can be produced by various sources, including industrial processes, combustion, and chemical reactions. Anatomically, when inhaled, these fumes interact with the respiratory system's delicate structures. The primary site of interaction is the respiratory tract, starting with the nasal passages and trachea, where some fumes may be filtered, humidified, or absorbed through the mucous membranes. However, many fumes bypass these initial defenses and reach deeper into the lungs, where they can irritate or damage the delicate epithelial cells lining the alveoli, the tiny air sacs responsible for gas exchange. These cells contain enzymes and other protective mechanisms, but prolonged exposure to toxic fumes can overwhelm these defenses, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and potentially more severe conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer. Additionally, some fumes can enter the bloodstream directly through the alveolar-capillary membrane, affecting systemic health by causing cardiovascular issues or neurological symptoms.