👉 Turanianism, also known as the Turin school of philosophy, is a philosophical movement that emerged in Italy during the 19th century. It was founded by Giuseppe Pico della Mirandola and associates, who were deeply influenced by the ideas of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Turin school of philosophy emphasized the importance of reason, individualism, and human rights, and it sought to reconcile these principles with the social and political issues of the time.