👉 Protoplasm is a term used in biology to refer to the outermost layer of cells or tissues, typically consisting of specialized structures that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and regulating various physiological processes. Protoplasm includes the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. The term is often used in conjunction with the concept of "plasmal" or "plasma," which refers to a fluid that perme