👉 In music, a modulation is an alteration of pitch or harmonic scale that involves changing the frequency range of a sound. This can be achieved through different techniques such as altering the pitch of a note by shifting its position in the scale (sawtooth), adjusting the duration and strength of notes (harmonic minor), or even altering the fundamental frequency (octave). Modulations are often used to create complex sounds that require more than one instrument to play simultaneously.