👉 In mathematics, a topology is a formal system for defining and studying properties of spaces that are invariant under continuous mappings. A topological space is defined as a set with certain additional structure, such as open sets, closed sets, and neighborhoods. A topology on a set X can be defined in many ways, but the most common definition involves considering a collection of subsets of X, called open sets, which form an equivalence relation. These open sets are then used to define the topology by requiring that every
