👉 In the context of mathematics, "topes" refers to a special kind of number or algebraic object. Specifically, it is an element that can be expressed as a sum of powers of primes. Here's how you might define it using mathematical notation: A top element in a ring (or commutative monoid) is a number that cannot be written as the product of any other elements of the ring or monoid. For example, 2 and -2 are not top elements because