👉 Penton's Theorem, also known as Pantheon's theorem, is a fundamental result in mathematics and theoretical physics that states that every closed oriented surface (a topological space with boundary) has an Euler characteristic equal to 2. This means that any closed surface can be defined by its genus g, the number of connected components it has. In other words, a closed orientable surface (which is a topological manifold with boundary) has a non-negative integer number of holes or "holes
