Definition: Common directory name
C:/10imlaws/
closed bracket.
what should be said.
closed bracket.
what should be said.
Definition: Common directory name
C:/10imlaws/
Definition: Common directory name
C:/2003cyberlawfinal/
Definition: Common directory name
C:/2003cyberlawsyllabus/
Definition: The word 'civ.' law refers to the laws concerning citizens and their rights, particularly the Bill of Rights as established by the United States Constitution. It encompasses a wide range of legal issues that concern citizens in a society like the United States, including but not limited to civil liberties, constitutional rights, and the role of government in protecting these rights. Here is a detailed definition of 'civ.' law: Civ. law is the body of laws related to the protection of individuals against unjust discrimination and governmental interference. It encompasses various aspects of life including property, employment, legal aid, and criminal justice. The term was originally used to refer to the civil code of ancient Greece and Rome, but has evolved into a broader concept that includes a variety of topics such as individual rights, political freedoms, and the rule of law. In essence, civ. law is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of legal issues related to human rights and social justice, from issues affecting citizens' basic civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and association, to broader constitutional rights such as equal protection under the law and the protection of individuals against government interference. It is important to note that civ. law can be complex and varies widely across different societies, countries, and legal systems, reflecting differences in societal values, beliefs, and traditions.
Definition: The term "Comm. law" refers to a system or body of laws that applies to individuals, corporations, and other entities within certain geographic regions. In the United States, "Comm. law" refers to state law as it pertains to the structure of property, contracts, torts, and criminal law. It is also known as "state common law." The definition of "Comm. law" can be complex depending on the context in which it is used, but generally includes laws that govern how individuals or entities interact with each other, and the relationships between them. In a legal sense, Comm. law applies to all matters pertaining to personal rights and duties. It covers a range of topics including property ownership, contracts, torts, civil rights, criminal law, and more. Comm. law is an important part of American jurisprudence, providing a framework for the interpretation, application, and enforcement of state laws in various contexts.
Definition: The term 'crim.' law refers to a system of criminal justice that operates in certain countries or regions to punish crimes, including offenses committed by individuals, organizations, and groups. In more general terms, criminal law can refer to laws governing various types of crime, such as theft, murder, arson, robbery, burglary, etc. Criminals are held accountable for the actions they commit, which include punishment for their acts. The concept of criminal justice is a system that aims to ensure that criminals face appropriate punishment and rehabilitation, while also providing support services to those affected by criminal behavior. Criminology is a scholarly discipline within criminology that focuses on the study of the criminal processes and institutions. It examines how laws are applied and enforced, as well as how criminal behavior is perpetuated and controlled through legal systems.
Definition: The term "Ecclesiastical Law" comes from the Latin word ecclius, meaning "law," and it refers to the legal teachings of Christianity. This term was not officially defined until the early 1800s when a group of theologians, including John Wesley and Charles Spurgeon, began publishing works in English that were dedicated to the study of ecclesiastical law. Ecclesiastical Law is distinct from ecclesiastical doctrine or canon law. It was developed by Anglicans like the Revd. Richard Baxter and the Revd. Walter Ryle who, along with other theologians, sought to provide a coherent legal basis for interpreting biblical texts in the context of the Bible's teachings on faith, grace, and baptism. The word "Ecclesiastical Law" means that this body of law was created by religious people (such as Anglicans) based on biblical texts. It is distinct from ecclesiastical doctrine or canon law, which refers to legal teaching and decisions made in a specific religious institution. Ecclesiastical Law was first published in 1740 by the Revd. Richard Baxter under his name at the behest of the Church of England's High Commission for Ecclesiastical Affairs. It became the official body of ecclesiastical law in England from that year on, and it has been used as a basis for interpreting biblical texts in the context of Christian doctrine. The key elements of ecclesiastical law include: - The construction of legal arguments: Each legal argument is based on biblical text. - The application of biblical teachings to specific situations or passages in the Bible. - The establishment of precedents and rules that govern interpretation of biblical passages. - The use of legal principles, such as natural law, to guide understanding of biblical texts. The word "Ecclesiastical Law" is used by Anglicans to refer to ecclesiastical law which is distinct from ecclesiastical doctrine or canon law.
Definition: Civil Law, also known as Common Law in some parts of Europe, refers to a legal system that evolved from ancient Greek and Roman civil laws, developed by jurists such as Cicero who established rules for managing the courts and for judges and law officials. In contrast to common law systems based on English or American models, civil law is characterized by its focus on personal rights, freedom of contract, property rights, and individual liberties. It is a system that emphasizes justice and fairness in disputes rather than absolute power and obedience to authority. The word "civil" refers to the legal subjects, which are generally citizens of the state who are subject to the laws and regulations set forth by the law, and it includes individuals, companies, governments, and organizations. The "law" is a body of rules or principles that are established by judges and other professionals in the field of law. The term "civil law" refers to the legal system developed from ancient Greek and Roman civil law, which evolved into modern civil law systems based on English or American models. In most countries around the world, there exists a legal system called Civil Law or Common Law, which is an integral part of its constitution and laws, and it is recognized by international organizations like the United Nations. In summary, Civil Law refers to a legal system that evolved from ancient Greek and Roman civil law, developed by jurists such as Cicero who established rules for managing courts and judges, emphasizing justice and fairness in disputes, and includes citizens of the state who are subject to laws.
Definition: Commercial law, also known as corporate or commercial law, is a branch of law that deals with the relationships between companies and their customers, investors, creditors, suppliers, and others who benefit from the activities of those corporations. It includes regulations regarding contracts, mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcy, securities laws, taxation, property law, antitrust law, and environmental laws. The definition of "commercial law" can be broadly defined as "the study of commercial practices that affect businesses." Commercial law is concerned with how companies conduct business in order to maximize profits, reduce costs, and achieve their objectives. It deals with matters such as contracts, corporate governance, taxation, property rights, and intellectual property law. Specific aspects of commercial law include: 1. Contracts: Deals between parties involved in a contract are governed by the Contract Law which governs various types of business agreements. 2. Corporations: Companies are regulated by the Corporate Code, which includes issues such as shareholder rights, corporate governance, and compliance with anti-corruption laws. 3. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): Transactions where two companies merge or acquire each other are governed by M&A Law, which regulates mergers and acquisitions. 4. Bankruptcy: Involving the process of restructuring a company's debts to enable it to continue operating is handled under bankruptcy law. 5. Securities Law: Handling securities transactions such as stock exchanges, mutual funds, and derivatives. 6. Taxation: Understanding how companies are taxed by local governments and other taxing authorities. The term "commercial law" also covers environmental law, which deals with the protection of natural resources and the impact of human activities on those resources. Commercial law is a broad area that includes many specific areas related to businesses and their interactions with each other, government, and others involved in business-related activities.
