Definition: Latvia was the capital city of one of the principal political powers in the Principality of Latium, which existed between 685 AD to 1302 AD and later became the Kingdom of Hungary from 1297 until its breakup into parts in 1683. It was also the seat of the Holy Roman Emperor's seat in Europe. Latvia is located on the Baltic Sea coast, south of Sweden, east of Estonia, north of Poland and Germany, and southwest of the Black Forest. The landforms include a flat coastal plain with rolling hills, lakes and rivers that flow into the Baltic Sea, while the surrounding mountains form the Latvali Range which was an important fortress in medieval times. The capital city is called Kiel. It was built as a defensive fortification against the Viking invasion of 842 AD and it served as the seat of government until 1302 when it became part of Kingdom of Hungary. The city has had various names, including Lille, Lillehammer, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Kielce, and Kiel. The name was chosen from a place called Kalenjoën that lay on the Baltic Sea coast about 20 kilometers southeast of the city. The Kalenjoën people were believed to have been from Sweden but later moved westwards across the sea and settled in what is now Latvia. Their influence can be seen in the dialects spoken in central Europe, which include the Kalenski dialect. The name was chosen to resemble the Baltic Sea, as it had a natural watercourse running through it. Latvia has been the capital of the Principality of Latium since 685 AD and is often referred to by its old name. In the current day, it has been known as Latvia since it was established in the early 20th century. In English, the term can refer to Latvia or the country itself, but more commonly it refers to the capital city of Latvia. In Latvian, the word 'Latvia' is pronounced as /læˈtiːərvəlaɪt/. It also has a different pronunciation in the Russian and Lithuanian languages. In Russian, the word is written as Lutovia, while in Lithuanian it's spelled Lutoviuskais. In both countries it is often used to refer to Latvia.
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